Wednesday, November 27, 2019

An Introduction to Inti and the Inca Sun God

An Introduction to Inti and the Inca Sun God The Inca culture of Western South America had a complex religion and one of their most important deities was Inti, the Sun. There were many temples to Inti and Sun worship affected many aspects of life for the Inca, including architecture, festivals and the semi-divine status of the royal family. The Inca Empire The Inca Empire stretched from present-day Colombia to Chile and included most of Peru and Ecuador. The Inca were an advanced, wealthy culture with sophisticated record-keeping, astronomy and art. Originally from the Lake Titicaca area, the Inca were once one tribe of many in the high Andes, but they began a systematic program of conquest and assimilation and by the time of their first contact with Europeans their Empire was vast and complex. Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro first encountered the Inca in 1533 and swiftly conquered the Empire. Inca Religion Inca religion was complicated and incorporated many aspects of the sky and nature. The Inca had a pantheon of sorts: major Gods who had individual personalities and duties. The Inca also venerated countless huacas: these were minor spirits that inhabited places, things and sometimes people. A huaca could be anything that stood out from its surroundings: a large tree, a waterfall, or even a person with a curious birthmark. The Inca also venerated their dead and considered the royal family to be semi-divine, descended from the Sun. Inti, the Sun God Of the major gods, Inti, the Sun God, was second only to Viracocha, the creator god, in importance. Inti was higher-ranking than other gods such as the Thunder God and Pachamama, the Earth Mother. The Inca visualized Inti as a man: his wife was the Moon. Inti was the Sun and controlled all that implies: the Sun brings warmth, light and sunshine necessary for agriculture. The Sun (in conjunction with the Earth) had the power over all food: it was by his will that crops grew and animals thrived. The Sun God and the Royal Family The Inca royal family believed they were directly descended from Apu Inti (Lord Sun) through the first great Inca ruler, Manco Capac. The Inca royal family was therefore considered semi-divine by the people. The Inca himself - the word Inca actually means King or Emperor although it now refers to the entire culture - was considered very special and subject to certain rules and privileges. Atahualpa, the last true Emperor of the Inca, was the only one observed by the Spaniards. As the descendant of the Sun, his every whim was fulfilled. Anything he touched was stored away, later to be burned: these included everything from half-eaten ears of corn to sumptuous cloaks and clothing. Because the Inca royal family identified themselves with the Sun, it is no accident that the greatest temples in the Empire were dedicated to Inti. The Temple of Cuzco The greatest temple in the Inca Empire was the temple of the Sun in Cuzco. The Inca people were rich in gold, and this temple was unrivalled in its magnificence. It was known as Coricancha (Golden Temple) or Inti Cancha or Inti Wasi (Temple of the Sun or House of the Sun). The temple complex was massive, and included quarters for the priests and servants. There was a special building for the mamaconas, women who served the Sun and even slept in the same room as one of the Sun idols: they were said to be his wives. The Incas were master stonemasons and the temple represented the pinnacle of Inca stonework: parts of the temple are still visible today (the Spanish built a Dominican church and convent on the site). The temple was full of golden objects: some walls were covered in gold. Much of this gold was sent to Cajamarca as part of Atahualpas Ransom. Sun Worship Much Inca architecture was designed and built to assist in the worship of the Sun, Moon and stars. The Inca often built pillars which marked the position of the Sun at the solstices, which were celebrated by grand festivals. The Inca lords would preside at such festivals. In the great temple of the Sun, a high-ranking Inca woman – generally the sister of the reigning Inca, if one were available – was in charge of the cloistered women who served as the Sun’s â€Å"wives.† The priests observed holy days such as solstices and prepared the appropriate sacrifices and offerings. Eclipses The Inca could not predict solar eclipses, and when one occurred, it tended to trouble them greatly. The diviners would attempt to figure out why Inti was displeased, and sacrifices would be offered. The Inca rarely practiced human sacrifice, but an eclipse sometimes was considered cause to do so. The reigning Inca would often fast for days after an eclipse and withdraw from public duties. Inti Raymi One of the most important religious events of the Inca was Inti Ramyi, the annual festival of the sun. It took place in the seventh month of the Inca Calendar on June 20 or 21, the date of the Summer Solstice. Inti Raymi was celebrated all over the Empire, but the main celebration took place in Cuzco, where the reigning Inca would preside over the ceremonies and festivities. It opened with the sacrifice of 100 llamas selected for brown fur. The festival lasted for several days. Statues of the Sun God and other gods were brought out, dressed up and paraded around and sacrifices were made to them. There was much drinking, singing and dancing. Special statues were made of wood, representing certain gods: these were burned at the end of the festival. After the festival, the ashes of the statues and sacrifices were brought to a special place on a hillside: only those disposing of these ashes were ever allowed to go there. Inca Sun Worship The Inca Sun god was relatively benign: he was not destructive or violent like some Aztec Sun Gods like Tonatiuh or Tezcatlipoca. He only showed his wrath when there was an eclipse, at which point the Inca priests would sacrifice people and animals to appease him. The Spanish priests considered Sun Worship to be pagan at best (and thinly-disguised Devil worship at worst) and went to great lengths to stamp it out. Temples were destroyed, idols burned, festivals forbade. It is a grim testament to their zeal that very few Andeans practice any sort of traditional religion today. Most of the great Inca goldwork at the Cuzco Temple of the Sun and elsewhere found its way into the melting fires of the Spanish conquistadors - countless artistic and cultural treasures were melted down and shipped to Spain. Father Bernabà © Cobo tells the story of one Spanish soldier named Manso Serra who was awarded a massive Inca sun idol as his share of Atahualpas Ransom. Serra lost the idol gambling and its eventual fate is unknown. Inti is enjoying a bit of a comeback lately. After centuries of being forgotten, Inti Raymi is once more being celebrated in Cuzco and other parts of the former Inca Empire. The festival is popular among native Andeans, who see it as a way to reclaim their lost heritage, and tourists, who enjoy the colorful dancers. Sources De Betanzos, Juan. (translated and edited by Roland Hamilton and Dana Buchanan) Narrative of the Incas. Austin: the University of Texas Press, 2006 (1996). Cobo, Father Bernabe. Inca Religion and Customs. Roland Hamilton (Translator), Paperback, New Ed edition, University of Texas Press, May 1, 1990. Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. (translated by Sir Clement Markham). History of the Incas. 1907. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1999.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Bullying and Social Deviance Essays

Bullying and Social Deviance Essays Bullying and Social Deviance Essay Bullying and Social Deviance Essay Essay Topic: Cyber Bullying The subject I have chosen resonates with me personally as I have experienced it at first hand. I besides think it is a subject that many can associate excessively. I know a batch of people have either been bullied. been the bully or witnessed it themselves. I have chosen intimidation and how it is a societal aberrance. Bullying cane be defined as the usage of power and aggression to do hurt or control another. Strong-arming itself manifest in all ages. from kids in grade school all the manner through grownup goon. I have seen it and the effects of it. no good comes from strong-arming. I besides know that while yes it can stem from some kind of favoritism it does non ever aim a certain race. sexual orientation or gender. Bullying has a immense spectrum ; those antecedently listed can be grounds why but so can your societal position. civilization or even the trade name of vesture you wear. Most of these grounds are out of anyone’s manus. people are normally born into these fortunes no 1 chooses to be a individual of colour nor do they take their gender. contrary to what some believe. I believe personally that intimidation is the worst as you are traveling through school. You are still seeking to calculate out who you are and that last thing you need is person seeking to state you that. Besides. strong-arming today is far different because now we have the cyber kingdom to see. Everything from shopping to pass oning to people abroad can be done via the web and societal media unluckily plays a important function in our lives. Now with that said. you can literally be bullied from the comfort of your ain place which should be a safe zone. You can be a mark for many grounds. organic structure image. gender and the list goes on but the inquiry is how do we halt it? How do we forestall kids from cyber intimidation? What should the penalty of this be. if any? Throughout the class we learned how different theories and positions better help us research and specify the different aberrances that people demonstrate. One of those theories that goes manus and manus with intimidation is the labeling theory and that is for obvious grounds. The labeling theory is a theory in which the regulation devising and the reactions to the regulations that are being broken ( Goode. 2011. pg. 52 ) . The manner this correlates to intimidation is fundamentally with every action there is a clear and opposite reaction. An illustration of this would be person is bullied twenty-four hours in and twenty-four hours out now they want to either hurt themselves to get away the torture or the victim wants retaliation. So now we have a reaction to the action which is the intimidation. Therefore it has a snow ball consequence of another aberrant behaviour because personal injury to either party is involved. Harmonizing to the article by Douglas Vanderbilt and Marilyn Augustyn there are a overplus of effects from being bullied. Bullying is in fact a major job for kids. There are chiseled hazard factors for intimidation that are single and societal. Beyond the immediate injury of sing strong-arming. victims are at high hazard of the ulterior physical and emotional disorders ( Vanderbilt A ; Augustyn. 2010 ) . There are multiple regulations that are broken when it comes to strong-arming. basic human rights are violated. and favoritism may even take topographic point among many issues. Strong-arming leaves important injury on people as stated from the article this is both physical and emotional. The issues that can originate from this are critical and forestalling intimidation is the key. As stated in the article every bit good. there are marks of intimidation by both the bully and the victim. Acknowledging them could be immense in protecting person and possible acquiring the toughs themse lves help every bit good. As we transition into the subject of intimidation and victimization the College of Family Physicians of Canada published an first-class article to reexamine the epidemiology. designation. and direction of intimidation and victimization among people in their primary scene. This article presents a reappraisal of intimidation and associated symptoms. a tool for measuring strong-arming engagement. and an overview of intercession and direction. With an increased consciousness and apprehension of strong-arming as a wellness job. doctors can play an instrumental function in placing people involved in intimidation and supplying them with the support needed to develop healthy relationships ( Lamb. Pepler. A ; Craig. 2009 ) If we have kids that are targeted early on in life this could hold long term effects on them so it is important they get the aid needed to develop healthy relationships. By making so we will be puting people up for success which is merely just since they were cheated from it. Although non everyone that is bullied will necessitate assist it all varies on the individual themselves and the extent of the intimidation that took topographic point. By using the labeling theory we can see how such basic regulations are broken. but what is broken is besides fixable. The job needs to be addressed in order to make that. The following theory will be the functionalist theory. Functionalism adopts a consensus paradigm: Harmony is the regulation. and a break of that harmoniousness calls for stairss to restore peace and repose. ( Goode. 2011. pg. 58 ) We can analyze what made the single become a bully. This could hold stemmed from a dysfunctional household life. possibly this individual saw their parent be bullied by the other. or a parent ( s ) bullies the kids. There is a good opportunity that bullies themselves face a confusion of issues at place that cause internal hurting and choler. as a consequence they attack others. Once we have identified this disfunction and acknowledge that there is a job we can so repair it. I believe that nine times out of 10 person doesn’t wake up and go a bully. they are taught it. Peoples are non born hating. it is something that is taught. and this peculiar wont is likely picked up at place unluckily. It has a ripple consequence. this wont is picked up at place and brought to school or the work topographic point and so on as so forth. ( Swearer. Espelage. Vaillancourt. A ; Hymel. 2010 ) This article addresses what can be done one time intimidation has occurred which is really of import. Strong-arming sometimes is non preventable and it can go on but the of import thing is one time it does what is done to rectify the issue. Making a safe work topographic point and acquisition environment is critical. Besides. saying in any clauses or work environment regulations that intimidation is non and will be tolerated. Peoples should experience safe when they are either at school or work. no 1 should hold to experience uncomfortable because this atrociousness is tolerated. This besides covers how a individual is non born a bully but created. This is a erudite behaviour. it is taught to feed on the weak and defenseless because they make easy marks. It is all a portion of the theory of strong-arming. Choose person that you know won’t put up a battle this in bend makes you experience better about yourself. superior about. If this happens in a school the kid could be threatened with detainment or even suspension. The work topographic point can hold a similar type of penalty. suspension without wage is normally adequate to halt person for being a bully. Last. the struggle theory will assist me farther explore the issue of strong-arming. In contrast to functionalism. the struggle theory sees groups with viing and colliding interesting. they see battles between and among classs. sectors. groups. an d categories in the society. with victors and also-rans ensuing from the result of these struggles ( Goode. 2011 pg. 58 ) . The struggle theory is likely one of the strongest out of the three to better place this issue. With the cyber realm playing such a polar function in our day-to-day modus operandi intimidation has become basically easier to make ( Sabella. Patchin. A ; Hinduja. 2013 ) . A individual can literally be bullied from their ain place. so where is the safe zone? Cyber intimidation is so much easier with all the societal media. Unfortunately this is the society we live in with smart phones and computing machines governing our societal life. The viing and clashing of people assailing one another is simple. The sad portion is aliens can leap upon the intimidation bandwagon and the following thing this victim knows they have tonss of people assailing them alternatively of one. Once this happens the victim can endure enormously. Not merely are they being attacked at school or work but at place and it is distributing like wild fire. This has a immense consequence on the victim’s self-este em and as antecedently discussed this could hold long term harmful effects on them. Previous research on traditional intimidation among striplings has found a comparatively consistent nexus between victimization and lower self-pride. while happening an inconsistent relationship between piquing and lower self-esteem ( Patchin A ; Hinduja. 2010 ) This is why it is of import to cognize what intimidation is. how to halt it and one time person has been victimized how to acquire them proper aid. Throughout this class we learned a figure of ways to place different aberrances. We learned out to categorise them and better research them by utilizing different constructs and theories. By using the labeling. functionalist. and conflict theory I was better equipped to research intimidation and link it as a societal aberrance. Once that was established the research articles supported the thesis. Bullying is an atrocious job that causes far more harm than good and can take to many jobs down the route. While it is an unfortunate issue it is preventable and non a lasting job. It is of import that people feel and are non victimized one time they seek aid. I know at first hand that strong-arming can make long term jobs but with the right aid and assistance it can besides be stopped. It stops with people taking base and contending for the 1s t hat can non contend for themselves. Again. people are non born hating and being barbarous it is taught so if they are taught to detest they can larn how to be sort. Mentions: Sabella. R. A. . Patchin. J. W. . A ; Hinduja. S. ( 2013 ) . Cyberbullying myths and worlds. Computers in Human Behavior. 29 ( 6 ) . 2703-2711. Vanderbilt. D. ( 2010 ) . The Effects of Bullying. Pediatricss and Child Health. 315-320. Lamb. J. . Pepler. D. J. Craig. W. ( 2009 ) . Can Fam Physician. Apr 2009 ; 55 ( 4 ) : 356–360. Swearer. S. M. Espelage. D. L. . Vaillancour. T. . Hymel. S. ( 2010 ) What Can Be Done About School Bullying? . Eduational Researcher. pg 38-47 Patchin JW. Hinduja S. Cyberbullying and self-esteem. J Sch Health. 2010 ; 80: 614-621 Goode. E. ( 2011 ) . Aberrant Behavior ( 9th ed. ) . Upper Saddle River. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Inc.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Educational policy reform Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Educational policy reform - Assignment Example This education policies undermined women contrary to their belief of upholding respect for women. Reforms made on the education sector has seen women education being overseen by the ministry of education and the educational policies support educational equality in opportunities for both women and men. The ministry is also sending women to further their education abroad which has resulted in increased number of Saudi women in leadership. This article explores the transition of women education form traditional to current reforms which promote education for women and the significant achievements this has had on the society in general (Amani, 2005). This issue contrast and compares to the educational situation in New Jersey which is my immediate environment. New Jersey has not experienced the extreme cases of discrimination against the education of women. The educational reform policies maintain that all the students should have equal access to educational facilities and resources and also provide suitable services and instruction to English Language Learners. This is provided for by the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 (EEOA). To be EEOA compliance, educational institutions are required to provide adequate and timely evaluation of the learning outcomes of all English Language Learners, provide quality instruction and services and observing and recording of their academic improvement. However, a review was done on a section of the Bound Brook New Jersey School District which indicated that there were several concerns regarding integration of the English Language Learners into the schools mainstream as thus they were discriminated on the compliance issue above. While there are cases of racial segregation, there has not been any reported cases of gender segregation. In the US, the education policy had been distributive at their inception where the teachers and educational institutions were